Feminism In Frankenstein essays

Feminism In Frankenstein essays When reading Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, one cannot help but notice that the women characters seem to have little substance compared to the male characters. This may have been caused by the time period in which she wrote: one in which females was considered to be inferior to males. There are many factors in this novel which contribute to the portrayal of feminism. The three points which contribute greatly are, the female characters are there only to reflect the male characters, women are seen as possessions for men to protect, and finally women in the novel are portrayed as stereotypical women in that time period. Mary Shelleys novel portrays feminist qualities, and is a feminist novel. Firstly, the female characters in the novel are there only to reflect the male characters. To start, in the novel itself, no women speak directly. The book has three basic narrators: Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and Frankenstein's monster. The female characters are very weak in this novel, especially Elizabeth, Victor's cousin/fianc. She is portrayed as the perfect woman, especially after Victor's mother, Caroline dies. She takes the place of the mother figure in the household. Secondly, just like all the female characters in the story, Elizabeths character has little substance. Victor's character is described in detail, as is that of the monster, and Henry Clerval. When Henry gets killed, sympathy is really felt toward Victor, because he has just lost his lifetime friend. When Elizabeth is murdered, the reader finds it hard to connect with what Frankenstein is feeling. Elizabeth (and the other main female characters: Justine and Caroline) are there to reflect the men charac ters. Lastly, women function not in their own right but somewhat of a passage for men's relations with other men. This is especially clear when the monster kills Elizabeth on their wedding night. The monster is upset with Victor, so instead of hurting ...

The Ancient Toltec Trade and Economy

The Ancient Toltec Trade and Economy The Toltec Civilization dominated central Mexico from about 900 - 1150 A.D. from their home city of Tollan (Tula). The Toltecs were mighty warriors who spread the cult of their greatest god, Quetzalcoatl, to the far corners of Mesoamerica. Evidence at Tula suggests that the Toltecs had a trade network and received goods from as far away as the Pacific coast and Central America, either through trade or tribute. The Toltecs and the Postclassic Period The Toltecs were not the first Mesoamerican civilization to have a trade network. The Maya were dedicated merchants whose trade routes reached far from their Yucatan homeland, and even the ancient Olmec - the mother culture of all of Mesoamerica - traded with their neighbors. The mighty Teotihuacan culture, which was pre-eminent in central Mexico from about 200-750 A.D., had an extensive trade network. By the time the Toltec culture reached prominence, military conquest and subjugation of vassal states were on the rise at the expense of trade, but even wars and conquest stimulated cultural exchanges. Tula as a Center of Trade It is difficult to make observations about the ancient Toltec city of Tollan (Tula) because the city was extensively looted, first by the Mexica (Aztecs) before the arrival of the Europeans, and then by the Spanish. Proof of extensive trade networks may have therefore been carried off long ago. For example, although ​jade was one of the most important trade materials in ancient Mesoamerica, only one jade piece has been found at Tula. Nevertheless, archaeologist Richard Diehl has identified pottery from Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Campeche and Guatemala at Tula, and found potsherds traced to the Veracruz region. Shells from the Atlantic and Pacific have also been excavated at Tula. Surprisingly, the Fine Orange pottery associated with the contemporary Totonac culture has not been found at Tula. Quetzalcoatl, God of Merchants As the major deity of the Toltecs, Quetzalcoatl wore many hats. In his aspect of Quetzalcoatl - Ehà ©catl, he was the god of wind, and as Quetzalcoatl - Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli he was the bellicose God of the Morning Star. The Aztecs venerated Quetzalcoatl as (among other things) the god of merchants: the post-conquest Ramirez Codex mentions a feast dedicated to the god by traders. The principal Aztec god of trade, Yacatechutli, has been traced to earlier roots as a manifestation of either Tezcatlipoca or Quetzalcoatl, both of whom were worshiped at Tula. Given the Toltecs fanatical devotion to Quetzalcoatl and that gods later association with the merchant class by the Aztecs (who themselves regarded the Toltecs as the apogee of civilization), it is not unreasonable to surmise that trade played an important role in Toltec society. Trade and Tribute The historical record seems to suggest that Tula did not produce much in the way of trade goods. A great deal of utilitarian Mazapan-style pottery has been found there, suggesting that Tula was, or was not far from, a place that produced it. They also produced stoneware bowls, cotton textiles, and items fashioned from obsidian, such as blades. Bernardino de Sahagà ºn, a colonial era chronicler, claimed that the people of Tollan were skilled metalworkers, but no metal not of later Aztec origin has been found at Tula. It is possible that the Toltecs dealt in more perishable items like food, cloth or woven reeds which would have deteriorated with time. The Toltec did have significant agriculture and possibly exported part of their crops. In addition, they had access to a rare green obsidian found near present-day Pachuca. There is the possibility that the warlike Toltecs produced relatively little themselves, instead relying on conquered vassal states to send them goods as tribute. Tula and the Gulf Coast Traders Toltec scholar Nigel Davies believed that during the Postclassic era trade was dominated by the different cultures of Mexicos Gulf Coast, where mighty civilizations had risen and fallen since the days of the ancient Olmec. During Teotihuacns age of dominance, shortly before the rise of the Toltecs, the gulf coast cultures had been an important force in Mesoamerican commerce, and Davies believes that the combination of Tulas location in the center of Mexico, their low production of trade goods, and their reliance on tribute over commerce placed the Toltecs at the fringes of Mesoamerican trade at the time (Davies, 284). Sources: Charles River Editors. The History and Culture of the Toltec. Lexington: Charles River Editors, 2014. Cobean, Robert H., Elizabeth Jimà ©nez Garcà ­a and Alba Guadalupe Mastache. Tula. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2012. Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008 Davies, Nigel. The Toltecs: Until the Fall of Tula. Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.

Legal Perspective on Euthanasia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Legal Perspective on Euthanasia - Term Paper Example Nevertheless, even the issue of going through legal proceedings becomes contentious in several instances because some individuals think that the ‘right to die’ must be decided personally (Devettere 70). Even though individuals with these thoughts may seek advice from medical professionals or spiritual counselor, the concept of a legal resolution is detested because the act of placing the decision on another person meddles with a person’s rights to liberty and freewill. Numerous legal cases concerning euthanasia use the U.S. Constitution to support their judgments. They refer to privacy and liberty rights, protected by the Constitution, as the basis for a person’s right to decide how and when death should take place. Numerous individuals and groups supporting euthanasia claim that the reasonable step to take in the future is to constitutionally guarantee the ‘right to die’ (Keown 89). Even though legal decisions that support euthanasia somehow s et precedents which advocates can eventually use in future cases, making euthanasia legal would offer stronger protection under the constitution. Critics of euthanasia, in contrast, assert that euthanasia must not be legalized. This essay critically analyzes the legal perspective on euthanasia. Euthanasia: An Overview When patients and their loved ones see misery and intolerable pain, disagreement usually occurs between patients and their families, who want to put an end to misery, and medical practitioners, who are instructed to save human lives. This disagreement focuses on the notion of euthanasia and its value in the contemporary period. The issue of euthanasia forces an individual to face the greatest fear of human beings—death. The legal system has confronted it and has made progress in establishing certain rules to help decision makers in this issue; unfortunately, there is still a long way to go. Society should be safeguarded from the undesirable possibilities related to allowing the taking out of life-support mechanisms. Society cannot permit the complicated matters related to this issue to be underestimated to the point where it is simply recognized that life can be subjectively or instinctively terminated. The law should make sure that the patient’s constitutional rights are protected, while preserving society’s concern for life, and strengthening the integrity of health care professionals. During a medical emergency, it is impractical to instruct a health care provider to first check the patient’s clinical record for prior instructions before addressing the patient’s urgent needs (Pozgar 124). Ultimately, the limits of patient’s rights are still quite vague. Over time, euthanasia has become a subject matter with opposing moral, medical, and legal repercussions. Today, there are passionate campaigns supporting dignified death, which prohibits tubes, monitors, machines, and other technical equipment (Biggs 15 ). Even the definition of ‘euthanasia’ has evolved over time. Euthanasia is generally defined as â€Å"the mercy killing of the hopelessly ill, injured, or incapacitated† (Pozgar 124). In the 1870s, literature on euthanasia started to surface, mostly in the United States and England. Even though this literature was written, primarily, by ordinary people, medical professionals and the public started to pay attention to the issues posed by euthanasia (Biggs 25). During that time, euthanasia is viewed as

New House Decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

New House Decision - Essay Example This paper will assess the consequences brought about by economics on every major decision we made. Furthermore, this will show the important things to be considered in buying a house with a purpose of helping anyone who is in the quest of deciding to purchase one. Economic Principles The first thing to be accounted for is the opportunity cost. McConnell & Brue (2005) defined opportunity cost simply as the value of the forgone opportunity to obtain something else when coming up to a decision. Opportunity costs include the possible gains from investing the same amount of money in a business or stock market instead of using it to pay for the down payment (Derrick, 2009). To obtain a house would mean foregoing the chance of earning interest from a possible investment using the same money. It would also mean foregoing the opportunity of going to a postgraduate program or a doctorate one. There were actually several things one forgoes in deciding to buy a new house. Another thing to consi der is the tradeoffs, from which opportunity cost arises. According to McConnell & Brue (2005), trade off is when you give up one thing to attain more of something else. It is more likely the same with the opportunity cost. The difference is that trade off is the decision itself while opportunity cost concerns the value of the thing given up. In decision making, most of the time, one has to choose an option rationally. In the case, one either has to choose between buying a house or not. If one will opt to purchase a house, his ability to buy another good declines. For example, if one chooses to get the house located near to his or her office, a part of the savings will be lost which could intently be used in buying clothes. So, she will buy fewer clothes, or worse, she will not buy anymore since the same amount of money was used to get the house. Another example would be the same amount used to buy a house could be spent in sending a child to a prestigious school. To others, purchas ing a house would mean sacrificing the education of their children. To arrive at a decision, one has to consider the benefits over the costs. Since buying a house is a life-changing decision, one must think of it carefully. Purchasing a house offers the soon-to-be homeowner long-term financial-related benefits like tax savings. Some people even agreed that it’s the best investment to make. Quealy & Tse (2010) said that â€Å"property taxes, the interest part of the mortgage payment, and in some cases, a portion of the common charges, are tax deductible.† Basically, homeowners can deduct mortgage interest, points or the charges by the mortgage lender, equity loan interest of up to $100, 000, home improvement loan interest, mortgage tax credit, and real estate tax or often called as property taxes. Mortgage interest deduction can be the largest among all other deductibles since one can deduct up to $1 million. When one takes a loan for major house improvement, he or she can deduct the interest payment without any limit, provided that the said improvement adds value to the house. To sum it all, it will be a huge tax savings. However, these tax deductibles can only be claimed if deductions are itemized rather than standard deduction. Another incentive a homeowner can get is that the values of real estates, over the years, have appreciated. Along with this is the fact that the value of the house appreciates. The costs to be incurred in purchasing,

Linguistic Changes of an Individual in Migration Essay Example for Free

Linguistic Changes of an Individual in Migration Essay As the world becomes increasingly globalised, we observe a rising trend where individuals migrate for educational and economic opportunities. The prestige of being educated in a highly ranked university and the prospects of higher paying jobs are definitely important pull factors for both internal and international migration (Welch, 1970). When people move, they also transfer the use of their existing linguistic repertoire to their host country. However, what might have been effective at home might be interpreted differently when placed in different socioeconomic contexts. Hence, the relative value of linguistic repertoire one possesses and how mobile are one’s language skills in the world determines how a migrant interacts with a new community. Consequently, this paper seeks to provide insight on how the relative value of linguistic resources affects one’s mobility and decisions in community interactions. Drawing on Blommaert’s study on the sociolinguistics of globalisation, this discussion will focus on how an individual’s linguistic repertoire is being used to one’s advantage within the community. It also highlights the changes which occur when one attempts to transfer the same linguistic repertoire as the shift to a place of varying cultural and linguistic ability. As Blommaert suggests, â€Å"placed resources are resources that are functional in one particular place but can become dysfunctional as soon as they are moved to other places† (Blommaert, 2003). Essentially, this essay seeks to expound on the changes of one’s linguistic repertoire and how it affects one’s interactions with new communities resulting from migration. Linguistic repertoire refers to linguistic varieties acquired by an individual to different degrees of proficiency and for different uses (Crystal, 1990). The acquisition of linguistic repertoire thus extends not only to the procurement of different types of language codes like English and Hindi, but also the speech styles and genres within each language. In light of this definition, this paper chooses to trace how one’s use of language repertoire might change in the context of internal migration and international migration. With this in mind, a migrant from India who experienced both types of migration was chosen. India boasts twenty-two official languages as per the Constitution of India, where English is determined as the secondary official language and is used as lingua franca throughout India. Within the context of this paper, the experiences of the migrant serve to provide personal insight on language mobility within the transmigrational arena. Research methodology and background of interviewee With this in mind, a fifty minute interview was carried out on 16th October 2012 to gather substantial data in order to provide a comparison between internal and international migration. The sole participant is Joshua Cherian, aged 24 who is currently pursuing a postgraduate education in Singapore. He was born and raised in Kerala, Southern India, after which he moved to Jamshedpur, Northern India to pursue a tertiary education before working in New Delhi. He was taught English at a young age and learnt Hindi during university, while his mother tongue is Malayalam. During the interview, questions were asked ranging from the interviewee’s experiences of language acquisition and his experiences in India and Singapore to language policies in India. Utilising his personal insights on adapting to different communities and observing it through the concepts provided in Blommaert’s study, the relative value of linguistic repertoire consequently becomes more obvious not only from country to country but also within different areas of the community. Language repertoire in internal migration Within India, it is said to have a de-facto three plus minus one language policy. Those who neither speak the language of the state nor the two official languages, English and Hindi, now have to grapple with learning four languages in order to pass the school systems and secure jobs within the modern sector (Laitin. D, 1989). Consequently, many people who migrate in the pursuit of education or jobs find it necessary to expand their language repertoire in order to compete for the chance of upward socioeconomic mobility within India. Joshua notes that: â€Å"There is a divide between the corporate world and industrial world, where managers and people in multinational companies speak in english, but those in manufacturing speak Hindi in work. In the north of India everyone speaks Hindi, so I had to learn Hindi. When I worked in Delhi, I spoke mostly Hindi in my workplace, because I am a manager of labourers and those who just passed tenth standard, they just need to make something so they don’t need English. People who do software need to interact with clients overseas, so it is important for them to speak English.† Due the demands of his job, Joshua was required to expand his language repertoire to include fluent Hindi in order to communicate with his subordinates effectively. Although English could have sufficed in interacting with white-collar professionals, learning Hindi would have enabled Joshua to ensure a smooth running of operations that he was in charge with. As such, it is observed that migrants tend to expand their language repertoire within internal migration according to which languages are most functional within their community. Furthermore, an expansion of linguistic repertoire also affects one’s interaction the community. As immigrants acquire proficiency in more languages, there is a tendency to broaden their participation in various communities within the area that they have settled in. This is especially evident in Joshua’s recount: â€Å"In India you would have to know many languages in order to fit into different communities. University students will use English because it is prestigious. It shows you are well educated. Outside of the education system, everyone speaks their own dialect or their own state language. I used to hang out with many friends when I was studying in Jamshedpur who came from all over India. I also managed to become my student governing body’s president, so speaking the many languages helped me reach out to a lot of people.† Even though migrants who migrate within their home country experience a new environment, there are common cultural familiarities that they can relate to by being in the same country. Naturally, this allows them to assimilate into the communities easily since they already share similar cultural and national identities. Rather, this pre-existing factor enables immigrants like Joshua to interact with different groups of people. Such a preference is also extremely beneficial to an individual within a new community as they are able to called upon a large network of acquaintances should they need help in the future. Hence, the broadening of one’s interaction with many communities would be positively correlated to the acquisition of language repertoire because both serve the same purpose of helping the migrant assimilate well into the new environment they are in. Language Repertoire in International Migration In contrast to internal migration, one’s use of language repertoire might decrease across different geographical spaces. It is noted that international migration denotes a shift to a foreign culture in which the values placed upon certain languages is different from one’s original country. As such, many migrants would utilise a language within their repertoire that is widely used in the world. Joshua relates his experience moving from India to Singapore: â€Å"When I first arrived in Singapore, everything was easy for me to get used to because I was already proficient in English. Even if I needed help, I could just approach anyone and they would reply me in English. I don’t even Hindi anymore because the friends and people I meet with speak only in English. Perhaps it is because there are so many races here so communication needs to be in a common language. Although I have friends from India here, they never speak in their mother tongue! Everyone would rather speak in English than Hindi! Despite Joshua’s extensive language repertoire, he only speaks in English in Singapore, thereby showing a decrease in language repertoire employed in daily life. In most cases of international migration, migrants often move from the ‘periphery’ to the ‘core’ of the world system. As one attempts to transfer one’s language repertoire from one country to another, the languages employed more frequently within the core global system would be more mobile compared to other languages. In particular, because Singapore is a multi-racial community, it requires English as a lingua franca in order to achieve cohesiveness and efficiency. Consequently, rather than expanding one’s linguistic repertoire to gain access to every community, a migrant in Singapore need only focus on speaking proficient English, which subsequently narrows his language repertoire within the host country. Parallel to one’s decrease in language repertoire, it is observed that migrants narrow their participation to a few communities that they are comfortable with. While migrants who migrate internally tend to broaden their participation in a wide array of communities, people who migrate internationally prefer to focus their efforts in interacting with a particular community where they feel most comfortable with. Joshua, expresses that: â€Å" I like to be in a place where I can interact with people well. When I came to Singapore, everybody spoke â€Å"Singlish†. It was especially hard for me to understand the jokes of my Singaporean friends. Thats why I wanted to be in a Christian group, so I went around to look for churches and even joined the varsity christian fellowship. Then I found a church cell group to be in and we could talk about common things, at least everyone there understands what I am going through when I talk about my struggles and life. I don’t meet with the Indian community much because everyone here speaks English anyway and I am more comfortable speaking in English, so when I talk about God and faith, I don’t get any puzzled looks when I am with church people† For most immigrants, being in a foreign community could be unsettling because there exists stark differences in culture that they might not understand. In Joshua’s case, not being able to understand Singlish hindered his active participation in various communities, especially in understanding humour within the sociocultural context of Singaporean society. As such, by participating in communities with specific shared beliefs that the migrant can identify with, it could be easier for him to assimilate into a new environment. Communities with shared beliefs also tend to share a similar use of register in their daily speech. Drawing on Joshua’s case of finding a christian community, a christian setting could be more comfortable for him because he understands the semantics of words such as â€Å"communion† and â€Å"faith† used frequently in that community. Additionally, by narrowing one’s participation to few communities, individuals would have more time to spend more effort on forging closer relationships within a particular communities. This in turn could be more beneficial to the migrant as this niche area of society provides a source of emotional support for the migrant in order to cope with the anxiety of being away from home. Conclusion What Joshua has experienced demonstrates the constant change of the value of language resources as he shifts between places in migration. This relative value of one’s linguistic resources is largely due to cultural and socioeconomic factors that have shaped the community to place emphasis on certain languages and speech styles. As such, an immigrant’s increase or decrease language repertoire is largely affected by the placed importance of certain languages within their host communities. In conclusion, this paper has asserts that language mobility is profoundly affected by the changing values of linguistic resources which vary from place to place, especially when there is a shift of resources from the periphery to the core of the world system. Whether one participates in a wide number of communities or chooses to focus their efforts in a single community depends on a change in one’s use of his language repertoire. References 0. Blommaert, J. (2003). Commentary: A Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7/4, 2003: 607-623 0. Crystal, D. (1990). A Liturgical Language in a Sociolinguistic Perspective. In D. R.C.D. Jasper (eds),Language and the worship of the church (Basingstoke: Macmillan), 120-46 0. Laitin D. D. (1989). Language Policy and Political Strategy in India. Policy Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 3/4, Policymaking in Developing Countries (1989), pp. 415-436 0. Welch F. (1970). ‘Education in Production, Journal of Political Economy, 78 (1), January/February, 35-59

Myths and Legends of Japan :: essays research papers

Myths and Legends of Japan Japan has many myths believed to be true by the Japanese culture. Such as: "You can tell a person's character from their blood type". The Japanese creation myth starts off with brother and sister gods Izanagi and Izanani. They dipped a spear into the churning sea and when they pulled it out the drops that fell on the water surface became the islands of Japan. Next the sun goddess Amaterasu, was created and was soon sent to heaven to rule over the world. She some time ago left the universe in darkness and chaos. Amaterasu sent her grandson to calm Japan, giving him the sacred mirror, sword, and jewel, which became imperial motifs. In Japanese mythology there are a lot of things that can make up a myth. Japanese myths frequently include serpents in them. There are tales of woman turning into snakes. Not all myths are about snakes. But most of the time when people think about Japanese mythology, they might think of snakes because they are so closely connected with the Japanese myths ordinarily. There are two different types of snake women; ones that are evil are ones that are good. One closely related story to the snake woman is that there is a palace under the sea at the very depth: â€Å" A snake woman lives there who is believed to be the daughter of the sea god. Any man who goes down and meets her there she marries and she takes good care of them. When the man has to return to his world she gives him special powers or wealth. There is a story of a snake woman that every Japanese school child knows. It starts with a young boy fishing one night and catches a multicolored turtle and he brings it home. The next morning he wakes up, not to see the turtle but a beautiful woman in place of it. He is then asked by the snake woman to come down to the sea and live with him. He lives with her for three years and he gets homesick so he asks the snake woman if he can return home. She says yes and gives him a box and she says if you want to come back down and live with me again then you cannot open the box. The turtle then guides him back to his village.

False Claims

Rgtgfggdgdfsgggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggg gggggg dfdfdf fdfdfdf dfdfdfdf dfdfdfdf ffdfdfd dfdfdfdf dfdf fdfdfdf d dff dddwsassee eeerrr errerer rerwren e rr er e re re rer e rer e r ere r er ert rtytytuy tyu ty ty u yuyuty ty rt yrtyrtyrt t yty try ty rty try rty rt yrt rtughuuhhihuihuh ewwewewe wewewe ttttt rrrrrr 45 45 45 njknjk hnjh lkl kl kl k mnkmnk nkn klj kj kj kj k jkj kjkj dffdf dfdfd t rt rtrtrdfdfdfdftrrt rtrt rtrt ererererre yty tytyt ererer er iujiuiu jk jk jk jk j It’s normal and therefore acceptable to have mistakes and undeveloped sections in your first draft. However, if you don’t understand the criteria or the mistakes I’ve pointed out, please see me. If you have many areas marked â€Å"no evidence,† don’t try to revise your first draft; it’ll be easier to start over.The problem section eventually needs to include all of the following, so me of which may be in the same paragraph though others will take several paragraphs: A. an anecdote (a story that illustrates the problem—this should be your first paragraph); this’ll be in a your own words today, but in later drafts you’ll quote the original; B. a definition and description of the problem–an explanation of what it is; define key terms; C. relevant background (maybe scientific or historic); D. the size/scope of the problem (usually, the number of cases in a given time frame for a given area as well as some statistics on how wide spread the problem is); E. consequences of the problem (what happens as a result of the problem, which could include multiple.

Motivation-Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg Two Factor

I intend to explore Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg two factory theories and indentify the key differences that exist between them, and explain how they can be applied by managers to motivate staff. Both are examples of content theories, a content theory is one where â€Å"we can attribute a similar set of needs to all individuals† ( Fincham and Rhodes, 2005, pg 193) Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs is essentially based on a pyramid depicting the different types of needs that one has. At the bottom of the hierarchy are the physiological needs, these are the subsistence needs that one needs to survive such as food, warmth clothing and shelter.The next stage up from there is the security needs, this is concerned with the need that humans have of feeling safe and away from danger. Progressing from there is the social needs, this focuses on the needs of â€Å"giving and receiving affliativeness, belonging and love† (Fincham and Rhodes, 2005, pg 195). Above that y ou have the self-esteem needs which are meeting the needs that one has for â€Å"achievement, independence and freedom†( Fincham and Rhodes, 2005, pg 195). Finally at the top are self-actualisation needs, which relates to the need of one being able to fulfil his or her full potential.If all prior needs before this stage are satisfied this can prove to be an influential source of our motivation as made evident by â€Å"Maslow contends that if we have met the other four basic needs, the need for self-actualization is ‘potent' enough to serve as our primary motivator for all behavior†. ( Oleson, 2004). The theory therefore suggests that we are first motivated by our basic needs, once this is achieved, our behaviour is focused on satisfying our safety needs, once this is achieved we look to fulfil our esteem needs, and so on and so forth.Showing that once one level is achieved, it will have little influence in motivating us, but rather it would be the above stage in the pyramid. Therefore indicating it would not be sufficient for managers just to pay employees to motivate them, as employees who have satisfied their physiological needs, they would be seeking to achieve their safety needs, from there they would be looking to satisfy social needs and so on, implying that employees would be continuously looking to fulfil more and more of their needs, â€Å"this means that employers can never do too much. Employers should strive to create opportunities for employees to satisfy as many of the needs from the pyramid as possible. For example for employees to satisfy their social needs, employers may wish to introduce more frequent group projects, or organise sports activities. To cater for the esteem needs managers may consider delegating authority to them, as this would reflect that they have faith in the competency of the worker, alternatively managers can provide the employee with the opportunity to develop their skills or qualification via trainin g at the expense of the firm, this would make the employee feel valued.Managers can use Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, to indentify which needs believe they are satisfying and this would help managers to determine which needs are yet to be satisfied, and these unfulfilled needs will become the motivator. I will now begin to discuss Herzberg’s two factor theory which was developed through interviewing 200 accountants and engineers. The theory implies that â€Å"that humans have two different sets of needs and that the different elements of the work situation satisfies or dissatisfies these needs†. ( Anderson, Gudmundson, Lundberg, 2008).The first element is referred to as the hygiene factors and relate to the â€Å"working conditions, salary, job security, company policy, supervisors and interpersonal relations† ( Fincham and Rhodes, 2005). Herzberg claimed if these factors were absent it would lead to dissatisfaction, but the mere existence of such conditio ns would not lead to increased motivation. Whereas the most intrinsic aspects of work that led to recognition, achievement and advancement were discovered to be the sources of employee satisfaction, and as such were referred to as motivators.This indicates that satisfaction and dissatisfaction arises through two different aspects of the job, one mainly concerning the work conditions, and the other the actual job itself. The theory differs to that of Maslow’s as it does not recognise pay as being a motivator but rather a hygiene factor. This means that managers who are to implement the teachings under this model should not use high salaries as a means of them trying to stimulate motivation, but should rather improve the intrinsic aspects of the job in order to enable an individual to satisfy needs of achievement, recognition etc.However, I mentioned before that the theory was established through the responses of accountants and engineers, both are well renowned and well paid m iddle class posts, meaning that under Maslow’s hierarchy of needs their basic are already likely to be fulfilled hence there is no real surprise why this did not appear as a motivator, and therefore does not contradict Maslow’s theory but rather reinforces it. A ifferent outcome may have occurred if Herzberg used professions that are not so well paid to the extent where it would be difficult for one to satisfy basic needs, such as workers in less economically developed countries that are subject to exploitation. Social needs which appear in the middle of Maslow’s hierarchy are only referred to as hygiene factors, therefore highlighting a difference of opinion between the two theories.This would be reflected in the actions taken by managers to motivate employees. Managers who are to follow the two factor theory may try and ensure that the employees are exposed to an environment where workers can socialise, as failing to do this would lead to dissatisfaction.Where as in the case for Maslow’s hierarchy of needs managers would perceive the fulfilment of social needs to act as a motivator, and therefore they may put a greater emphasis on trying to achieve this through frequent group projects, outings, and sports activities, when compared to Herzberg’s theory. What Herzberg has referred to as motivators do coincide with the self-esteem needs under Maslow, considering that they are both satisfied by common conditions such as achievement and recognition.As a result of these findings from both theories, there seems to be fairly strong evidence to suggest that employees gain a greater a deal of satisfaction from the intrinsic aspects of the job, as this is what ultimately leads to feelings of achievement, which seems to be a source through which employees gain motivation from both theories, therefore, suggesting that an effective tactic that managers can use to incite motivation within employees is to change the nature of their roles so as to incorporate opportunities where they can gain senses of achievement.This can perhaps be achieved by challenging employees, recognising their good work via reward such as promotion. Having analysed both theories, I have discovered that there are both similarities and differences between them. For example both theories assume that individuals have the same set of needs, and they also recognise that if the higher level psychological needs are satisfied such as achievement, recognition, employees would become motivated. However, where the two theories differ are with the issue of hygiene and motivators.Maslow’s hierarchy effectively perceives all levels of the pyramid as the sources of motivation if they are yet to be fulfilled, whereas Herzberg made the distinction between sources of dissatisfaction and motivation. This theory may make managers reconsider their subordinate’s job structure particularly when their ambition is to motivate staff. Under Herzberg work co nditions would not constitute as a motivator this is contrary to Maslow’s hierarchy which recognises that pay and the need to feel safe do act as sources motivation.This shows how the behaviour of managers may be different when following either of the theories. Inciting motivation from employees requires constant effort, Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs stresses that once a level is achieved the influence of that level on our motivation diminished, and if we focus on the two factor theory we would also come to realise that for employees to become motivated i. e. through satisfying senses of advancement, recognition etc, managers would therefore have to continuously seek ways of adapting the intrinsic aspects of the job to cater for such needs to be fulfilled.References Anderson T. D, Gudmundson A, Lundberg C. (2009). ‘Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of work motivation tested empirically on seasonal workers in hospitality and tourism’ Tourism Management. Volume 30 Issue 6, pages 890-899. Fincham, R. and Rhodes, P. (2005). Principles of Organizational Behaviour. New York: Oxford University Press Oleson, M. (2004). ‘Exploring the relationship between money attitudes and Maslow's hierarchy of needs’ International Journal Of consumer studies, Volume 28, pages 83-92.

Drones Attacks and its Effects Essay Essays

Drones Attacks and its Effects Essay Essays Drones Attacks and its Effects Essay Essay Drones Attacks and its Effects Essay Essay Introduction: What is a drone? The US section of defence provinces that. a drone. or remote-controlled aircraft. is an â€Å"aircraft or balloon that does non transport a human operator and is capable of flight under remote control or autonom ous scheduling. †1 It’s a fact that drones are introduced to the universe in recent clip. and at that place started a important argument but its beginning can be traced atleast to World war1. 2 Although drones are largely related to Asia after 2004 but throughout the 20th century. nevertheless. they were used chiefly for surveillance. most notably during the Gulf War and the struggle in the Balkans in the 1990s. 3 After 9/11 drones started its function in the war on panic and the frist drone was flown in Afghanistan in ocotber 2001. 4 Since so. the US has increased its armory of Predator drones from 167 in 2002 to more than 7. 000 today. 5 US Positions About drones: War on panic started to securitize people from terrorists and drones are the chief equipment to securitize people. Harmonizing to US Defense Secretary Leon Panetta â€Å" Drones onslaughts protected Pakistan people every bit good as US†6 He farther said that drones onslaughts merely target the activists and are non counterproductive. Further he said â€Å"We are contending a war in the FATA. we are contending a war against terrorist act. † US believes that drones onslaughts are successful in decreasing terrorists. and the civilian hazard is excessively small. US authorities most of the times garbages of any civilian deceases in drones onslaught. Avary Plaw. an associate professor of political scientific discipline at the University of Massachusetts. provinces â€Å"One point in favour of drone work stoppages is that they are weakening Al Qaeda. the Taliban and affiliated groups. and therefore protecting lives. American and other. Besides. there don’t seem to be better agencies of making so† . He goes on stating that civilian causalities can non be avoided. they must be minimized. This is what drones work stoppages do. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. DEP’T OF DEFENSE. 331 Joint PUBLICATION 1-02. DICTIONARY OF MILITARY AND ASSOCIATED TERMS ( 2010 ) ( amended July 15. 2012 ) . 2 Time Line of UAVs. PBS. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. phosphate buffer solution. org/wgbh/nova/spiesfly/uavs. hypertext markup language ( last visited Aug. 8. 2012 ) . 3 See Mary Ellen O’Connell. Improper Killing with Combat Drones: A Case Study of Pakistan. 2004- 2009 3 ( Notre Dame Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 09-43. 2010 ) . 4 Eric Schmitt. Threats and Responses: The Battlefield: US Would Use Drones to Attack Targets. N. Y. TIMES ( Nov. 6. 2002 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nytimes. com/2002/11/06/world/threats-responses-battlefield-uswould- use-drones-attack-iraqi-targets. hypertext markup language? pagewanted=all A ; src=pm. 5 Anna Mulrine. Unmanned Drone Attacks and Shape-Shifting Robots: War’s Remote Control Future. CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR ( Oct. 22. 2011 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www. csmonitor. com/USA/Military/2011/1022/Unmanned-drone-attacks-and-shape-shiftingrobots- War-s-remote-control-future. 6. Leon Panetta. US Secretary of defense mechanism. interview to Indian channel on June 6. 2012 08:26 Drones onslaughts Effectss: The other side of image of drones onslaughts is wholly opposite and strongly against the ballad claims of US. One of the informant. a human-centered worker of US said. â€Å"I remember people shouting in the streets. † he says. â€Å"People were afraid about what might go on following. People didn’t know if there would be another onslaught. There was tenseness in the air. This is what it is like. † He’s depicting life today where regular U. S. drone work stoppages happen. â€Å"It is a uninterrupted tenseness. a feeling of uninterrupted edginess. We are scared. † he laments. â€Å"You wake up with a start to every noise. †7 Let the treatment be started with James Jefferey ‘s article. where he speaks as â€Å"On a computing machine screen in the unit’s central office I watched a edifice explode and heard it on the wireless that enemy fire had ceased. Shortly after. we were notified a tractor and auto had arrived at a nearby patrol base’s entryway. loaded with organic structure parts of seven Afghans killed by the work stoppage. Six were kids who had been in a adjacent edifice. The frontward air accountant had said the targeted edifice contained no civilians. I spent the remainder of the twenty-four hours roll uping a study about the incident - composing amid a mental fog of daze. sickness and disgust at what I was portion of. †8 The US functionaries ever claims that drones consequence merely the activists and the civilian casualties are in individual figure. this is misdirecting the universe about the devastation of drones. which largely kill guiltless people. Harmonizing to Stanford study drones merely aim 2 % of activists and the recent are guiltless people. largely kids. Further the policy of drone are counterproductive. harmonizing to the civilization of Pakistan and Afghanistan. all the household battle against those who kill any member of their household. That’s the ground self-destruction bombing took topographic point after 2004 in Pakistan when drones started killing people without any mistakes. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Harmonizing to the same study the economic system of people in drones stricken countries ie Waziristan is collapsed badly. The fact is most of the people in FATA work locally. they have stores. vegetable tribunal. or sell things on unfastened land. The fright of drones in the country is huge most of the stores are either destroyed by drones or closed because of the fright. In most instances the gaining male of the households are killed in drones. it should be clear that FATA is like most of Pakistan and Afghanistan countries where merely male work for support and back up their households. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7. Conor Friedersdorf. ‘Every Person Is Afraid of the Drones’ : The Strikes’ Effect on Life in Pakistan. SEP 25 2012.hypertext transfer protocol: //www. theatlantic. com/international/archive/2012/09/every-person-is-afraid-of-the- drones-the-strikes-effect-on-life-in-pakistan/262814/ 8. James Jafferey. The Position From the Wreckage. Bublishesd SEPTEMBER 26. 2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nytimes. com/roomfordebate/2012/09/25/do-drone-attacks-do-more-harm-than-good/the-view-from-the-wreckage One of the member of FATA and effected of drones said that. â€Å"A drone struck my home†¦ I was at work at that clip. so there was cipher in my place and no 1 killed†¦ Nothing else was destroyed other than my house. † he explained. â€Å"I went back to see the place. but there was nil to make - I merely saw my place wrecked†¦ I was highly sad. because usually a house costs around 10 hundred thousand. or 1. 000. 000 rupees [ US $ 10. 593 ] . and I don’t even have 5. 000 rupees now [ US $ 53 ] . I spent my whole life in that house†¦ my male parent had lived at that place every bit good. There is a large difference between holding your ain place and life on rent or mortgage†¦ I belong to a hapless household and my place has been destroyed. †9 Because drones fly most of the clip upon them so largely people sit at place and those who go for work are a batch worried about their places. so the concern and the plants are about now finished. US claims that drones work stoppage merely the activists. possi bly they call kids as activists because in drones largely kids die. In 2006 a drones onslaught on a madrassa in Bajuar. a tribal country of Pakistan. resulted in 80 deceases in which 69 where kids aged 7 to 17. One of the drone affected individual interviewed he said â€Å"My three boies died in drone onslaught. they were 8. 5 and 3 old ages old. They studied at an Islamic spiritual school in our country. I merely have one boy now. I miss all my dead boies. but I miss the eldest the most because he would take attention of the household in my absence. †10 The large figure. in all studies. is of kids and adult females who are the portion of no terrorist groups but the most guiltless animal of God. The official figure of kids decease in drones attaks is 176. while the un official figure is greater that this. Children have stopped traveling to schools because of the fright of the decease of category chaps in drones. The instruction system has to the full collapsed in the part. consequently to the study of Stanford most of the parents have stopped their kids to travel toschool. The parents say that drones are ever fly around the part so if it sees our childs praying in school it will assail and kill them. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9. . Conor Friedersdorf. ‘Every Person Is Afraid of the Drones’ : The Strikes’ Effect on Life in Pakistan. SEP 25 2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. theatlantic. com/international/archive/2012/09/every-person-is-afraid-of-the- 10. Mudasir Shah ( interview published ) US Drones Kill Innocent People in South Waziristan Saturday. 03 November 2012 08:15 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. asiacalling. kbr68h. com/en/news/pakistan/2963-us-drones-kill-innocent-people-in-south-waziristan One male parent. after seeing the organic structures of three dead kids in the debris of a work stoppage. decided to draw his ain kids out of school. â€Å"I stopped my childs from acquiring an instruction. † he admitted. â€Å"I told them we will be finished one twenty-four hours. the same as other people who were traveling to school and were killed in the drone onslaughts. † He stated that this is non uncommon: â€Å"I know a batch of people. misss and male childs. whose households have stopped them from acquiring instruction because of drone onslaughts. †11 while questioning people by Stanford squad on of the folk adult male Ismail Hussain uttered. â€Å"the kids are shouting and they don’t travel to school. They fear that their schools will be tragedy by the drones † ( P 89 of Stanford ) beside that drones have affected the metal quality of pupils and have drawn their attending from survey. Lashkar-e-Taibas quote Faheem Quereshi the exclusive subsister of drones onslaughts in Waziristan. Faheem was the most superb pupil in the category and remained topper before a drone came and fractured his skull and do him about blind. Faheem provinces. â€Å"Our heads have been diverted from analyzing. We can non larn things because we are ever in fright of the drones vibrating over us. and it truly scares the little childs who go to school. . . . At the clip the drone struck. I had to take tests. but I couldn’t take tests after that because it weakened my encephalon. I couldn’t learn things. and it affected me emotionally. My [ head ] was so severely affected. . . ( p. 90-91 of Stanford study ) † Most of the pupil have metal jobs and are in injury because of the on traveling regular fright of decease. It’s a incubus when drones are winging around above the houses. When kids sees drones they scream and run to houses. they are in fright all the clip holding in head drones can kill them in no clip. They physicians say that 95 % of people are psychologically disturbed. adult females. work forces and kids.

How to become a forklift operator

How to become a forklift operator These days, logistics careers are a growing hotspot. People with the skills and know-how to manage the inventory coming in and out of warehouses or bring that specialized skill set to a construction site are going to be in demand for the foreseeable future. Specifically, forklift operators, with their large equipment expertise, are in a great position for the future. With e-commerce companies like Amazon building more and more warehouses every day, these trained professionals help keep products moving efficiently on their trip from one place to another. What does a forklift operator do?Forklift operators use heavy machinery to move objects or materials. They are most often found in warehouses (or other storage settings), factories, and on construction sites. The direct work tasks are pretty straightforward- using the forklift to move object A to place B. However, forklift operators may also be responsible for:Maintaining forklifts and other mechanical equipmentHandling other cargo eq uipment, such as shrink wrap machines, lifts, and trailersUsing software related to inventory and supply chain managementThis is a job that also requires a lot of physical stamina and strength, as it may require heavy lifting and the ability to work on repetitive tasks for hours at a time. It’s also classified as a â€Å"hazardous occupation† by the Fair Labor Standards Act, which means that operators need to pay close attention to safety and situational awareness.What skills do forklift operators have?Forklift operators need to have a very specific skill set in order to be successful.Mechanical Skills:  Forklift operators work with heavy equipment and tractors all day, every day, so it’s important to be able to troubleshoot issues as they arise, or risk losing productivity.Manual Dexterity:  Because they’re moving heavy objects or loads, forklift operators need to be able to control both the vehicle and the materials they’re moving.What do you need to become a forklift operator?Because of the equipment involved and the potential hazards of handling heavy equipment and heavy loads, forklift operators need to be certified. Certification typically involves completing a training course from an accredited school or online program. Once the course is complete, you’ll need to pass a forklift-specific test, which is usually made up of a written component and a physical (driving) component.How much do forklift operators make?According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for certified forklift operators is $33,890, or $16.29 per hour. This can change depending on the skill level necessary to perform the job or the complexity of the work.What’s the outlook for forklift operators?Although the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts only slight growth for this field through 2024, there are increasing opportunities in cities and towns that are becoming transportation and shipping/logistics h ubs.If you’re thinking about a career in the warehouse/logistics world, and you don’t mind doing the (literal) heavy lifting, then getting certified as a forklift operator can be a great entry point. Good luck!

The Sentencing Phase in the United States Research Paper

The Sentencing Phase in the United States - Research Paper Example The research paper "The Sentencing Phase in the United States" deals on the sentencing phase of the criminal justice system and tries to discuss some of the more urgent issues regarding this crucial phase. The justice system forms the third leg of the triad in the handling of criminal cases, the other two being law enforcement system and the penal or corrections system. All three must work together for penal sanctions to be effective as a deterrent to the commission of crimes. The wheels of justice can indeed grind very slowly and sometimes it takes years for the victims to get vindication and justice for the harm done to them. In a sense, the concern to be so careful to avoid penalizing the innocent is the main cause of this slowness in the justice system. No criminal justice system is perfect. Be that as it may, it should not prevent society nor preclude the government from imposing justice for deviant behaviors. The idea is that the system must be geared towards fairness and equality; flaws in the system can be corrected over time and must not adversely affect the sense of trust by the people that the system is indeed fair. Lapses in the procedures, processes, and practices must not undermine the whole legal system. There are a lot of variables that can confound and confuse the litigants in many instances. A person can opt out of the criminal justice system through a plea bargain agreement that will lessen the sentence to be imposed and may subject the defendant to probation.